Allelelic Interactions in the Root System of Sunflower

root system of sunflower

Biological controls of sunflower downy mildew are based on chemical pesticides and cultural practices. However, reports indicate that chemical control of sunflower downy mildew is not effective. Besides, continuous identification of new populations of Plasmopara halstedii threatens the use of resistant sunflower hybrids. Thus, there is a need to study and develop more effective weed control measures for sunflower.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of five entomopathogenic fungi on downy mildew severity in sunflower. Plants were inoculated with four x 104 zoospores mL-1 of each fungal strain. Amplification of the 28S rDNA and ribosomal DNA of each fungal strain was performed. The results showed that the presence of Plasmopara halstedii was not significantly influenced by EF. On the other hand, EF reduced some growth parameters of sunflower plants, while it did not affect sunflower plant height, dry weight, and root length. However, downy mildew incidence was significantly lower when B. bassiana EF was used as an additive to P. halstedii.

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop, and the production of this crop is highly dependent on the quality of the seeds and yield. The main problem in sunflower cultivation is the presence of harmful weed species. Chemical pesticides and genetically resistant sunflower hybrids are used to control this problem. However, these weed species are harmful to the crops and they cause considerable yield losses worldwide. Therefore, it is important to study allelic interactions among genes.

In this study, five EF strains were isolated from sunflowers. These fungal strains were then examined for their potential to colonize sunflower plants. The isolates were cultivated on MS medium supplemented with different herbicide concentrations. Molecular analyses showed that the isolates EAMa 01/58-Su and EABb 04/01-Tip colonized all parts of the sunflower plant. In contrast, the isolate Metarhizium EAMb 09/01-Su was only observed in one of four replicates.

The effects of EF on leaf expansion, stem length, and stem extension were assessed at the six-leaf stage. The length of the root system was also measured after uprooting the plants. Waterlogging at all growth stages was also investigated. The results showed that waterlogging at the buds-visible stage significantly reduced leaf expansion. However, waterlogging at the 6-leaf stage was not a significant factor in controlling the leaf expansion.

The EF strains had a lower molecular weight band that was EF-specific. Nevertheless, their diagnostic bands were observed in samples from four replications.

Downy mildew of sunflower is a serious disease that can cause severe stunting and chlorosis. It is present in five continents. Downy mildew causes considerable yield losses in crops worldwide. It develops cottony outgrowths from the underside of infected leaves. The severity of the disease is evaluated using a percentage scale.

The presence of EF was also analyzed by the amplification of the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal DNA region. In addition, the EF was confirmed by amplification of the 5.8S ribosomal DNA region.

Anthesis waterlogging did not affect seed weight. However, waterlogging at all three growth stages of sunflower significantly inhibited stem extension. However, anthesis waterlogging did not affect stem length or leaf expansion.

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